Heavy hydrogen
DEUTERIUM
CAS: 7782-39-0
Molecular Formula: D2
Heavy hydrogen - Names and Identifiers
| Name | DEUTERIUM |
| Synonyms | DEUTERIUM Cysteine- Hydrogen (2D) Heavy hydrogen D-Glucitol-1,1 D-Mannitol-1,1 D-Dulcitol-1,1-rsquo 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-6-heptyn-1-one |
| CAS | 7782-39-0 |
| EINECS | 231-952-7 |
Heavy hydrogen - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | D2 |
| Molar Mass | 4.03 |
| Density | 0.169 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Melting Point | -254.43° (18.73 K) at 128.5 mm (triple point) |
| Boling Point | -249.5 °C(lit.) |
| Vapor Density | 0.07 (vs air) |
| Appearance | morphological gas |
| Stability | Stable. Extremely flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air. |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | EPA Chemical Information Deuterium (7782-39-0) |
Heavy hydrogen - Risk and Safety
| Hazard Symbols | F+ - Highly flammable |
| Risk Codes | 12 - Extremely Flammable |
| Safety Description | S9 - Keep container in a well-ventilated place. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. S33 - Take precautionary measures against static discharges. |
| UN IDs | UN 1957 2.1 |
| WGK Germany | 1 |
| Hazard Class | 2.1 |
Heavy hydrogen - Upstream Downstream Industry
| Downstream Products | fluoro surfactant FC-154 fluorocarbon sulfactant 6201 |
Heavy hydrogen - Nature
| Merck | 13,2956 |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
Heavy hydrogen - Security information
| toxic substance data | 7782-39-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
Heavy hydrogen - Uses and synthesis methods
overview
Deuterium is also called heavy hydrogen, symbol D or 2H, an isotope of hydrogen. Hydrogen contains deuterium 0.02%. Most of the physical and chemical properties of deuterium are similar to hydrogen. In most cases, deuterium is slightly less reactive than protium. It is combined with oxidation to form heavy water (D2O). Deuterium is mainly used in the form of heavy water. The artificially accelerated deuterium nucleus can participate in nuclear reactions, releasing huge energy during thermonuclear reactions, and is also used as a tracer atom for the hydrogen reaction mechanism.
If there is too much deuterium in the human body, it cannot produce enough energy, followed by fatigue, cancer and various chronic diseases. Many people have such diseases because of excessive deuterium in the body environment, and there are many reasons for this, such as genetically modified food, industrialized food, and living in coastal areas.
the deuterium level in industrial food is relatively high. if you eat too much of this kind of food, the deuterium content of human body will increase. Because the human cell itself is a deuterium removal machine, deuterium will be removed in the normal metabolic process. If the deuterium level in the body is too high to adjust to a normal level (130ppm), the heavier deuterium will disturb protein and DNA, thus causing cancer. In fact, this is not because of oncogenes. 20% cancer patients have no mutation in their genes. Deuterium makes DNA bigger and makes cells divide continuously.
pharmacodynamic effect
Due to the significant difference in atomic mass between deuterium and hydrogen, the bond formed by carbon and deuterium will vibrate at a lower frequency, and its zero-point base energy is lower than the corresponding hydrocarbon bond energy, and their transition state activation energy It is similar, so it takes more energy to break the carbon-deuterium bond than to break the carbon-hydrogen bond. (The simple thing is: the carbon-deuterium bond "survival" requires lower energy than the carbon-deuterium bond, and the separation of the carbon-deuterium bond requires greater "power"). Just because breaking the carbon-deuterium covalent bond requires more energy than the carbon-carbon bond, when the hydrogen in the compound is replaced by deuterium, the rate of chemical reaction will be significantly slowed down. If the reaction transition state involves the symmetrical fracture of the hydrocarbon bond, the hydrogen on the hydrocarbon bond can be replaced by deuterium, which can slow down the reaction speed by about 85%. In theory, if the breaking of the hydrocarbon bond involves the rate-determining step of the metabolic pathway, then after hydrogen is replaced by deuterium, the metabolic process of its deuterated compounds in the organism catalyzed by metabolic enzymes will slow down or stop (such as cytochrome P450, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, etc.).
harm
Since the discovery of deuterium by H.C. Yuri and F.G. Brickvid in the United States in 1931, the biological and ecological importance of deuterium has immediately attracted the attention of many researchers. Heavy water is a liquid compound composed of two heavy hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Its molecular formula is D2O. Since the mass difference between deuterium and protium is about 1 times, when H in H2O is replaced by D, although heavy water is still a colorless, odorless, and odorless liquid, the density increases, the melting point and boiling point increase, and the degree of ionization, viscosity, Ion mobility, iso-chemical properties change significantly. Because heavy water has a relatively large molecular mass and slow movement speed, the content of heavy water in the ice and snow on high mountains, especially in the ice and snow in Antarctica, is very small. The density of Antarctic snow water is the smallest and it is the lightest water on the earth. The special value of heavy water is mainly reflected in the application of atomic energy technology. The atomic reactor is the heart of the atomic power station. In order to control the normal progress of the nuclear fission reaction in the atomic reactor, it is necessary to use heavy water as a neutron moderator. Electrolysis of heavy water can obtain heavy hydrogen, which is the raw material for preparing a powerful nuclear weapon hydrogen bomb. A certain concentration of deuterium in the environment will replace protium in the organism and accumulate. C- D bond is stronger than C- H bond and is not easy to break.
Preparation method
It can be obtained by electrolyzing heavy water or reducing heavy water with iron or tungsten at higher temperatures. Uses: It can be used as a tracer atom to study the reaction mechanism and nuclear phenomenon of hydrogen. The artificially accelerated heavy hydrogen core is used for many nuclear reactions, releasing huge energy in the process of thermonuclear reaction, which is a very promising energy source.
Last Update：2024-04-09 15:16:16
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